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Thymulin Chemical

A field-notebook reading of the thymulin literature — the zinc-bound thymic nonapeptide watched the way a naturalist watches a specimen: what each study actually saw, and where the record stops.

The papers behind each numbered note

Thymulin References and Source Papers

Every cited study and review appears below. Each link opens its title, writers, date, and summary.

Return to the resultsRead the zinc evidence

How do these thymulin papers help you check a claim?

Each small number beside a result points to one paper below. Its link opens a library page showing the title, writers, date, and summary. The papers cover zinc, T cells, swelling, pain, and hormone glands. T cells help the immune system find and fight threats. Many papers are decades old. Few newer thymulin studies followed.

Each note says whether the test used cells, animals, or people. Nonathymulin is one lab-made relative, not thymulin itself. Researchers also gave animal cells genetic directions for making metFTS, another lab-built stand-in. A nonathymulin result cannot prove what thymulin does. Neither can a metFTS result.

  1. Dardenne M, Pléau JM, Nabarra B, Lefrancier P, Derrien M, Choay J, Bach JF. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(17):5370-3. ↗
  2. Bach JF, Dardenne M. Thymulin, a zinc-dependent hormone. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1989;6(1):25-9. ↗
  3. Dardenne M, Pleau JM. Interactions between zinc and thymulin. Met Based Drugs. 1994;1(2-3):233-9. ↗
  4. Incefy GS, Mertelsmann R, Yata K, Dardenne M, Bach JF, Good RA. Induction of differentiation in human marrow T cell precursors by the synthetic serum thymic factor, FTS. Clin Exp Immunol. 1980;40(2):396-406. ↗
  5. Prasad AS, Meftah S, Abdallah J, Kaplan J, Brewer GJ, Bach JF, Dardenne M. Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1202-10. ↗
  6. Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. ↗
  7. Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin (gene-therapy strategy developed to sustain circulating thymulin). Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. ↗
  8. Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Cónsole GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, Bellini MJ, Pléau JM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1153:98-106. ↗
  9. Faure G, Bene MC, Tamisier JN, Gaucher A, Duheille J. Thymulin (FTS-Zn) induced in vitro modulation of T cell subsets markers on lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1984;6(4):381-8. ↗
  10. Parent G, Chevalier P, Zalles L, Sevilla R, Bustos M, Dhenin JM, Jambon B. In vitro lymphocyte-differentiating effects of thymulin (Zn-FTS) on lymphocyte subpopulations of severely malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(2):274-8. ↗
  11. Novoselova EG, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Lunin SM, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Fesenko EE. Anti-inflammatory effects of IKK inhibitor XII, thymulin, and fat-soluble antioxidants in LPS-treated mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:724838. ↗
  12. Wang W, Thomas R, Oh J, Su DM. Thymic Aging May Be Associated with COVID-19 Pathophysiology in the Elderly. Cells. 2021;10(3):628. ↗
  13. Amor B, Dougados M, Mery C, Dardenne M, Bach JF. Nonathymulin in rheumatoid arthritis: two double blind, placebo controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 1987;46(7):549-54. ↗
  14. Wise T, Ford JJ. Effects of the thymic peptide thymulin on in vitro and in vivo testicular steroid concentrations in white composite and Meishan boars. J Anim Sci. 1999;77(8):2240-51. ↗
  15. Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin (metFTS adenovector restored circulating thymulin in nude mice). Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. ↗
  16. da Silva AL, de Oliveira GP, Kim N, Cruz FF, Kitoko JZ, Blanco NG, Martini SV, Hanes J, Rocco PRM, Suk JS, Morales MM. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology of experimental allergic asthma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(24):eaay7973. ↗
  17. Kobayashi H, Abe H, Ueyama T, Awaya A, Shikita M. Radioprotective effects of serum thymic factor in mice. Radiat Res. 1992;129(3):351-6. ↗
  18. Dardenne M, Pléau JM, Nabarra B, Lefrancier P, Derrien M, Choay J, Bach JF. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor (zinc chelation by Chelex 100 abolished activity). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(17):5370-3. ↗